How does Bertrand Russell differentiate between “knowledge by acquaintance” and “knowledge by description”? (check out the footnote at bottom of p. 19)
Bertrand Russell describes “knowledge by acquaintance” as raw feeling, that every attitude we have towards something is based off of the experiences we have had with them. It is only a felling that one person knows. Knowledge is description is known but it is not something that is felt, but something that is described in a way that it does not generate raw feelings.
How does Abel distinguish between “knowing how” and “knowing that”?
Abel distinguishes that knowing that is propositional and cannot be explained how one person knows it. Knowing how is evident where you can see someone performing the task. Abel explains that “one may know how to swim, for example, or how to tie a bowtie, without being able to describe exactly how one does these things” (pg. 19) this quote enforces that it is harder to explain how some knows to do something, than actually show that that person knows how to do that task.
What does he mean when he asks: “can knowing how theoretically always be reduced to knowing that? What is Abel’s answer? What do you think?
The meaning that Abel is trying to give about Knowing How being theoretically reduced to Knowing that is that all things that you know how can be explained how one does these things. Abel’s answer for this is that “knowing how to do these things perhaps cannot be fully specified in propositional Knowing that.” I think that Knowing how cannot be reduced to knowing that because certain knowledge cannot be explained how one knows how to do it, such as muscle movement. Someone knows how to move there fingers, but does not know how to describe to another how he knows.
How does language become a problem of knowledge?
Language becomes a problem with knowledge because it can be translated differently and be meanings ad terms can be lost in translation from one language to another.
What do you think William James means when he says: “Life defies our phrases?”
when William James says “life defies our phrases,” I think that he means that there are no phrases that we know that applies to our lives. These phrases are created from the experience of one person and then it is applied to someone’s life by the person in the same situation. However, the person who applies the phrase does it because it feels like it matches the situation whereas it actually it does not.
What, according to Abel, is the difference between “experience” and “propositional knowledge”?
The difference between “experience” and “propositional knowledge” is that experience applies to one person only. One person cannot describe how pie smells to them because it is something that is known through one’s own personal view and that is it. However, propositional knowledge is that believed and knows by everyone as fact. It is not personalized and experienced by one person but it is known to all people without feelings and senses intertwined into it.
What are Abel’s Four Conditions for propositional knowledge? Where have we seen this before? Why does he add a Fourth Condition?
Abel’s four conditions for propositional knowledge are:
· Something needs to be true to be known
· Belief is a necessary condition for knowledge, but not a sufficient one.
· Evidence is a necessary but not a sufficient component for knowledge.
· There is now evidence to undermine a belief.
Theses conditions are the exact same thing for platonic knowledge.
October 3, 2008
September 30, 2008
FRENCH FRIES!!!!!!
How would Gladwell respond to the responsibility question from September 15th? (Does the producer of this knowledge have any responsibility? What is your responsibility as a knower?)
I think that the producer of this knowledge has the responsibility of allowing everyone to view it. If it were to be kept from the public, it would not follow Plato’s view of truth, where it has to be public for all people to know it and read it. People who eat at fast food places and eat these fries should know how they are made. Also, this article describes the transition to vegetable oil. Most people don’t know that this made the French fries unhealthier. “In the course of making vegetable oil suitable for deep frying, it is subjected to a chemical process called hydrogenation, which creates a new substance called a trans unsaturated fat… they wreak havoc with the body's ability to regulate cholesterol.” Most people do not know this information and it is the responsibility of the producer to bring it the reader’s attention.
Our responsibility as the reader is to understand what the author is doing making a point of this fact. It is up to the reader to make his or her own decision on whether to act upon this information.
I think that the producer of this knowledge has the responsibility of allowing everyone to view it. If it were to be kept from the public, it would not follow Plato’s view of truth, where it has to be public for all people to know it and read it. People who eat at fast food places and eat these fries should know how they are made. Also, this article describes the transition to vegetable oil. Most people don’t know that this made the French fries unhealthier. “In the course of making vegetable oil suitable for deep frying, it is subjected to a chemical process called hydrogenation, which creates a new substance called a trans unsaturated fat… they wreak havoc with the body's ability to regulate cholesterol.” Most people do not know this information and it is the responsibility of the producer to bring it the reader’s attention.
Our responsibility as the reader is to understand what the author is doing making a point of this fact. It is up to the reader to make his or her own decision on whether to act upon this information.
September 25, 2008
class notes
Plato
- wanted knowledge that provided "certainty"
- it has to be described
- communicated effectively to others (must be convincing to reasonable people)
- certain knowledge: knowledge by description
different names for this
- platonic knowledge
- knowledge by description
- propositional knowledge (formal statement of convincing knowledge)
- knowing that
platonic knowledge
justification
- empiricism: knowledge by experience (seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, hearing)
- induction: from a specific to general theory
- deduction: from a general to specific theory
- rationalism: knowledge be previous knowledge ( A Priori knowledge)
truth
- is eternal
- is public
- is independent from a belief system
belief
- necessary but not sufficient
- component to knowledge
McDonalds ingredients
Big Mac® Bun: Enriched flour (bleached wheat flour, malted barley flour, niacin, reduced iron, thiamin mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, high fructose corn syrup, yeast, soybean oil, canola oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, contains 2% or less of each of the following: sesame seed, salt, wheat gluten, calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, monocalcium phosphate, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, baking soda, soy flour, dough conditioners (may contain one or more of the following: distilled monoglycerides, DATEM, ascorbic acid, azodicarbonamide, enzymes, ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides, sodium stearoyl lactylate, guar gum, mono-and diglycerides, calcium peroxide), calcium propionate & sodium propionate (preservatives), soy lecithin
Big Mac® Sauce: Soybean oil, pickle relish [diced pickles, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, vinegar, corn syrup, salt, calcium chloride, xanthan gum, potassium sorbate (preservative), spice extractives, polysorbate 80], distilled vinegar, water, egg yolks, high fructose corn syrup, onion powder, mustard seed, salt, spices, propylene glycol alginate, sodium benzoate (preservative), mustard bran, sugar, garlic powder, vegetable protein (hydrolyzed corn, soy and wheat), caramel color, extractives of paprika, soy lecithin, turmeric (color), calcium disodium EDTA (protect flavor). CONTAINS: WHEAT, EGG AND SOY.
Big Mac® Sauce: Soybean oil, pickle relish [diced pickles, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, vinegar, corn syrup, salt, calcium chloride, xanthan gum, potassium sorbate (preservative), spice extractives, polysorbate 80], distilled vinegar, water, egg yolks, high fructose corn syrup, onion powder, mustard seed, salt, spices, propylene glycol alginate, sodium benzoate (preservative), mustard bran, sugar, garlic powder, vegetable protein (hydrolyzed corn, soy and wheat), caramel color, extractives of paprika, soy lecithin, turmeric (color), calcium disodium EDTA (protect flavor). CONTAINS: WHEAT, EGG AND SOY.
September 13, 2008
the Omnivore's dilemma
Did any information in the book come as a surprise to you? If so, why do you think that specific piece of knowledge was kept from you? Does the producer of this knowledge have any responsibility? What is your responsibility as a knower?
a piece of information that came as a surprise to me was how much the american culture treats food as a marketing tool. everything that we eat is all based on what is supposed to be healthy at that time. also all these studies tell us what is the best food to eat for weight loss, and then a few years later it is told that the food we are eating to loose weight is actually causing weight gain. and the people who tell us the food we are eating is bad told us five years earlier that the food we are eating is good and healthy. i think that this knowledge about food trends is kept from people becuase eatinf trends are the most popular trends and have the biggest market. since there are so many choices for a person to choose from, these trends are need to steer people towards certain foods to eat. if we knen why these eating trends were created people would not pay thousands for the type of food and resort to eating what they like. the producer of the knowledge is responsible for keeping the buyers in the dark so they will not question the test.
a piece of information that came as a surprise to me was how much the american culture treats food as a marketing tool. everything that we eat is all based on what is supposed to be healthy at that time. also all these studies tell us what is the best food to eat for weight loss, and then a few years later it is told that the food we are eating to loose weight is actually causing weight gain. and the people who tell us the food we are eating is bad told us five years earlier that the food we are eating is good and healthy. i think that this knowledge about food trends is kept from people becuase eatinf trends are the most popular trends and have the biggest market. since there are so many choices for a person to choose from, these trends are need to steer people towards certain foods to eat. if we knen why these eating trends were created people would not pay thousands for the type of food and resort to eating what they like. the producer of the knowledge is responsible for keeping the buyers in the dark so they will not question the test.
September 12, 2008
knowing
How do we Know what we Know? What evidence do you have to support your claim
i think that we know when we acknowledge that the information is there. knowledge is a way of perfroming what information we have. without performing this task, we dont know any information. the evidence that i have to support this is that everything is information and a transfer of information is the first step of knowing. after that, if a task is performed with the information it acknowledges the memory of the user
i think that we know when we acknowledge that the information is there. knowledge is a way of perfroming what information we have. without performing this task, we dont know any information. the evidence that i have to support this is that everything is information and a transfer of information is the first step of knowing. after that, if a task is performed with the information it acknowledges the memory of the user
Do parents matter?
i think that parents do matter in the development of a child. even if their characteristics are already programed into them, ethical problems are things that are taught to the child and not programed into them. also, i think that parents are significant in the development in a child's living style. this would include hygiene, clothing style, and diet. however, i agree that a child's peers do affect them and their actions more than parents do. but all that a child learns is a direct influence from their parents.
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